![]() However, since CO 2 itself is a very stable chemical, most pathways require an excessive amount of energy input to accelerate the conversion process. CO 2 contains carbon, which means that with an effective pathway, it can be converted into many forms of valuable material. The biggest concern related to the implementation of the different CCUS technologies is the economical feasibility. While the overall concept is clear, and various research efforts have been made to find a viable pathway, many hurdles still need to be overcome for the large-scale application of these technologies. The idea is to capture CO 2 from emission sources, such as flue gas, then purify it for utilization as a raw material for sequential chemical production, or store it underground for permanent fixation. Using formic acid as a LOHC was shown to be less competitive compared to liquefied H 2 delivery in terms of LCA, but producing formic acid via electrochemical CO 2 reduction was shown to retain the lowest global warming potential among the considered options.Ĭarbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is deemed one of the most probable short-to-mid-term solutions for mitigating carbon emissions. Breakdown of the cost compositions revealed that reduction of steam usage for thermocatalytic processes in the future can make the LOHC system based on thermocatalytic CO 2 hydrogenation to formic acid to be competitive with liquefied H 2 distribution if the production cost could be reduced by 23% and 32%, according to the dehydrogenation mode selected. ![]() TEA results showed that, while the LOHC system incorporating the thermocatalytic CO 2 hydrogenation to formic acid is more expensive than liquefied H 2 distribution, the electrochemical CO 2 reduction to formic acid system reduces the H 2 distribution cost by 12%. ![]() Realistic scenarios for hydrogen distribution are established considering the different transportation and CO 2 recovery options then, the separate scenarios are compared to the results of a liquefied hydrogen distribution scenario. Assuming a hydrogen distribution system using formic acid as the LOHC, each of the production, transportation, dehydrogenation, and CO 2 recycle sections are separately modeled and evaluated by means of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). In this study, the potential for using formic acid as an LOHC is evaluated, with respect to the state-of-the-art formic acid production schemes, including the use of heterogeneous catalysts during thermocatalytic and electrochemical formic acid production from CO 2. Recently, advances have been made in the formic acid production and dehydrogenation processes, and an analysis regarding the recent process configurations could deem formic acid as a feasible option for LOHC. While previous studies have shown that formic acid is less competitive as an LOHC candidate compared to other chemicals, such as methanol or toluene, the results were based on out-of-date process schemes. ![]() Formic acid is a probable candidate considering its high volumetric H 2 capacity and low toxicity. One of the possible pathways is to utilize CO 2 as the base chemical for producing a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC), using CO 2 as a mediating chemical for delivering H 2 to the site of usage since gaseous and liquid H 2 retain transportation and storage problems. To this end, integrated solutions that incorporate carbon utilization processes, as well as promote the transition of the fossil fuel-based energy system to carbon-free systems, such as the hydrogen economy, are required. To meet the global climate goals agreed upon regarding the Paris Agreement, governments and institutions around the world are investigating various technologies to reduce carbon emissions and achieve a net-negative energy system. ![]()
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